improve: expand strings intro and rewrite inheritance concept docs

concepts/inheritance/about.md

@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ These concepts are very similar and are often confused.
 - Inheritance means that the child has an IS-A relationship with the parent class.
 
 ```java
-interface Animal() {
-    public void bark();
+interface Animal {
+    void makeSound();
 }
 
 class Dog implements Animal {
-    public void bark() {
-        System.out.println("Bark");
+    public void makeSound() {
+        System.out.println("Woof!");
     }
 }
 ```

concepts/inheritance/introduction.md

@@ -1,58 +1,88 @@
 # Introduction
 
-Inheritance is a core concept in OOP (Object-Oriented Programming).
-It represents an IS-A relationship.
-It literally means in programming as it means in english, inheriting features from parent (in programming features is normally functions and variables).
-
-Consider a class, `Animal` as shown,
+Inheritance lets one class build on top of another, reusing its fields and methods without rewriting them.
+The class being extended is called the **parent** (or superclass); the class doing the extending is the **child** (or subclass).
+The relationship is described as IS-A: a `Dog` IS-A `Animal`.
 
 ```java
-//Creating an Animal class with bark() as a member function.
 public class Animal {
-
-    public void bark() {
-        System.out.println("This is an animal");
+    public void makeSound() {
+        System.out.println("...");
     }
-
 }
 ```
 
-`Animal` is a parent class, because the properties this class has can be extended to all the animals in general.
-
-Consider an animal named `Lion`, having a class like,
+Use the `extends` keyword to inherit from a class:
 
 ```java
-//Lion class is a child class of Animal.
-public class Lion extends Animal {
+public class Dog extends Animal {
 
     @Override
-    public void bark() {
-        System.out.println("Lion here!!");
+    public void makeSound() {
+        System.out.println("Woof!");
     }
-
 }
 ```
 
 ~~~~exercism/note
-The `Override` annotation is used to indicate that a method in a subclass is overriding a method of its superclass.
-It's not strictly necessary but it's a best practice to use it.
+The `@Override` annotation tells the compiler that you intend to replace a parent method.
+It's not required, but it's considered good practice — the compiler will warn you if the method name doesn't actually match anything in the parent.
 ~~~~
 
-Now whenever we do,
+Because `Dog` extends `Animal`, a `Dog` instance can be stored in an `Animal` variable.
+The actual type at runtime decides which method runs — this is called **polymorphism**:
 
 ```java
-Animal animal = new Lion(); //creating instance of Animal, of type Lion
-animal.bark();
+Animal animal = new Dog();
+animal.makeSound(); // prints "Woof!", not "..."
 ```
 
-Note: Initialising the `Animal` class with `Lion`.
-The output will look like
+## The `super` keyword
+
+Inside a child class, `super` refers to the parent.
+You can use it to call the parent's constructor or a method you've overridden:
 
 ```java
-Lion here!!
+public class Dog extends Animal {
+    private String name;
+
+    public Dog(String name) {
+        super(); // calls Animal's constructor
+        this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void makeSound() {
+        super.makeSound(); // calls Animal's version first
+        System.out.println(name + " says: Woof!");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Abstract classes
+
+If it doesn't make sense to instantiate the parent directly, mark it `abstract`.
+An abstract class can declare methods without providing a body — each subclass is then required to implement them:
+
+```java
+public abstract class Shape {
+    public abstract double area(); // subclasses must implement this
+}
+
+public class Circle extends Shape {
+    private double radius;
+
+    public Circle(double radius) {
+        this.radius = radius;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double area() {
+        return Math.PI * radius * radius;
+    }
+}
 ```
 
-According to OOP, there are many types of inheritance, but Java supports only some of them (Multi-level and Hierarchical).
-To read more about it, please read [this][java-inheritance].
+To read more about inheritance in Java, see the [official documentation][java-inheritance].
 
-[java-inheritance]: https://www.javatpoint.com/inheritance-in-java#:~:text=On%20the%20basis%20of%20class,will%20learn%20about%20interfaces%20later.
+[java-inheritance]: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html

concepts/strings/introduction.md

@@ -7,7 +7,64 @@ Double quotes are used to define a `String` instance:
 String fruit = "Apple";
 ```
 
-Strings are manipulated by calling the string's methods.
-Once a string has been constructed, its value can never change.
-Any methods that appear to modify a string will actually return a new string.
-The `String` class provides some _static_ methods to transform the strings.
+## Common string operations
+
+Strings expose a rich set of methods. Here are the ones you'll reach for most often:
+
+```java
+String s = "Hello, World!";
+
+s.length();             // 13
+s.toLowerCase();        // "hello, world!"
+s.toUpperCase();        // "HELLO, WORLD!"
+s.trim();               // removes leading/trailing whitespace
+s.contains("World");    // true
+s.startsWith("Hello");  // true
+s.endsWith("!");        // true
+s.indexOf("World");     // 7
+s.substring(7, 12);     // "World"
+s.replace("World", "Java"); // "Hello, Java!"
+s.split(", ");          // ["Hello", "World!"]
+```
+
+## Strings are immutable
+
+Once a string is created, its value never changes.
+Any method that appears to modify a string actually returns a new one — the original is untouched:
+
+```java
+String original = "hello";
+String upper = original.toUpperCase();
+// original is still "hello", upper is "HELLO"
+```
+
+## Comparing strings
+
+Use `.equals()` to compare string values — never `==`, which only checks if two variables point to the same object:
+
+```java
+String a = "hello";
+String b = "hello";
+a.equals(b);            // true  (correct)
+a.equalsIgnoreCase(b);  // true  (case-insensitive version)
+```
+
+## Building strings dynamically
+
+When you need to construct a string piece by piece (e.g. inside a loop), use `StringBuilder` instead of concatenating with `+`.
+Each `+` on a `String` creates a new object, which gets expensive fast:
+
+```java
+StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+sb.append("Hello");
+sb.append(", ");
+sb.append("World!");
+String result = sb.toString(); // "Hello, World!"
+```
+
+For simple one-liner formatting, `String.format` is handy:
+
+```java
+String.format("Hello, %s! You are %d years old.", "Alice", 30);
+// "Hello, Alice! You are 30 years old."
+```