[FLINK-39077][table] Calculation of table changes for MT with several non persisted columns might fail

[snuyanzin]

What is the purpose of the change

The problem appears for materialized tables with non persisted columns after physical columns
small repro is

CREATE MATERIALIZED TABLE mt (id INT, metadata1 METADATA INT VIRTUAL, metadata2 METADATA INT VIRTUAL) AS SELECT 1 id;
ALTER MATERIALIZED TABLE mt AS SELECT 1 AS id, 'name' AS name;

Brief change log

MaterializedTableUtis and tests

Verifying this change

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): ( no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): ( no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): ( no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: ( no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable )

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• ba67c5e Azure: SUCCESS

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