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Optimize detection service and improve deduplication logic#363

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optimize-detection-and-deduplication-6713744315435311651
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Optimize detection service and improve deduplication logic#363
RohanExploit wants to merge 3 commits intomainfrom
optimize-detection-and-deduplication-6713744315435311651

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@RohanExploit RohanExploit commented Feb 9, 2026

This PR addresses performance and logical issues in the backend.

Key Changes:

  1. Optimization: The UnifiedDetectionService now uses a single detect_all_clip call for "huggingface" backend, replacing 5 separate API calls for different categories (vandalism, fire, etc.). This significantly improves response time for comprehensive detection.
  2. Data Integrity: Duplicate issues are no longer discarded. They are saved with status='duplicate' and a parent_issue_id linking them to the original issue. This ensures the blockchain integrity chain remains unbroken and allows administrators to review additional evidence.
  3. Schema Update: Added parent_issue_id column to the issues table and updated init_db.py to handle the migration safely.
  4. Bug Fixes: Fixed ModuleNotFoundError by removing deprecated hf_service imports and pointing to backend.hf_api_service.

Verification:

  • Verified that duplicate issues are saved correctly and linked.
  • Verified that get_recent_issues filters out duplicates.
  • Verified that detect_all runs successfully with the new optimized implementation.

PR created automatically by Jules for task 6713744315435311651 started by @RohanExploit


Summary by cubic

Batches HuggingFace CLIP detections into a single call and links duplicate reports to their parent. Restores missing detection functions to fix ImportErrors and unblock deployment.

  • New Features

    • Added detect_all_clip and updated UnifiedDetectionService to use one HF pass for vandalism, infrastructure, flooding, garbage, and fire.
    • Save duplicates with status="duplicate" and parent_issue_id; recent issues API hides duplicates; background jobs run only for non-duplicates.
    • Schema: added parent_issue_id and index; init_db applies migration automatically.
  • Bug Fixes

    • Replaced deprecated hf_service imports with backend.hf_api_service to resolve ModuleNotFoundError.
    • Re-added detect_all_clip and category helpers (vandalism, infrastructure, flooding, garbage) in hf_api_service to fix ImportErrors in UnifiedDetectionService and restore deployability.

Written for commit 09acfc6. Summary will update on new commits.

Summary by CodeRabbit

  • New Features

    • Extended detection capabilities to identify vandalism, infrastructure damage, flooding events, and garbage locations across the mapped area.
    • Duplicate issue reports are now preserved and linked to their original submissions for comprehensive administrative review and tracking.
  • Improvements

    • Optimized detection processing for faster multi-category analysis.
    • Duplicate reports are excluded from the recent issues feed to reduce noise.

- Added `parent_issue_id` to `Issue` model and migration for better data structure.
- Implemented `detect_all_clip` in `backend/hf_api_service.py` to batch multiple detection categories into a single CLIP API call, reducing latency.
- Updated `UnifiedDetectionService` to use the optimized detection and fixed deprecated imports.
- Enhanced issue creation logic to save duplicate issues with `status='duplicate'` and link them to the parent issue, preserving user data.
- Filtered out duplicate issues from `get_recent_issues` API to maintain feed cleanliness.

Co-authored-by: RohanExploit <178623867+RohanExploit@users.noreply.github.com>
Copilot AI review requested due to automatic review settings February 9, 2026 10:49
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🙏 Thank you for your contribution, @RohanExploit!

PR Details:

Quality Checklist:
Please ensure your PR meets the following criteria:

  • Code follows the project's style guidelines
  • Self-review of code completed
  • Code is commented where necessary
  • Documentation updated (if applicable)
  • No new warnings generated
  • Tests added/updated (if applicable)
  • All tests passing locally
  • No breaking changes to existing functionality

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Note: The maintainers will monitor code quality and ensure the overall project flow isn't broken.

@github-actions github-actions bot added the size/m label Feb 9, 2026
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coderabbitai bot commented Feb 9, 2026

📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

This PR expands image detection with five new category-specific CLIP detectors and a unified detect_all_clip function, adds parent-child issue relationship support via database schema and model changes, refactors issue deduplication to preserve duplicates with parent issue linkage, and optimizes the detection service to use the new CLIP detectors with single-pass querying.

Changes

Cohort / File(s) Summary
CLIP Detection Expansion
backend/hf_api_service.py
Added five new CLIP-based detectors (vandalism, infrastructure, flooding, garbage) each with category-specific label sets; introduced unified detect_all_clip function that runs single query across all categories with score thresholding (0.4) and error handling; expanded neutral label sets for robust result grouping.
Database Schema & ORM
backend/init_db.py, backend/models.py
Added parent_issue_id column to issues table as self-referential foreign key with index; defined as nullable INTEGER in migration with try/except error handling; added corresponding parent_issue_id column to Issue ORM model with foreign key and index flags.
Issue Deduplication & Linkage
backend/routers/issues.py
Modified deduplication logic to create "duplicate" status issues instead of skipping them; linked duplicates to originals via parent_issue_id; excluded duplicates from recent issues query; updated API response schema to include linked_issue_id field; conditioned AI/grievance processing to non-duplicates only.
Detection Service Refactoring
backend/unified_detection_service.py
Updated import paths from hf_service to backend.hf_api_service across detectors; simplified garbage/fire detection handling to directly call CLIP functions; added single-pass detect_all_clip optimization in HuggingFace backend path; cleaned up tentative/commented detection branches.

Sequence Diagram

sequenceDiagram
    actor Client
    participant API as API Router<br/>(issues.py)
    participant DB as Database
    participant Dedup as Deduplication<br/>Logic
    participant BGTask as Background<br/>Processing

    Client->>API: POST /issues (create issue)
    API->>DB: Query nearby open issues<br/>(spatial check)
    alt Duplicates Found
        DB-->>API: Return nearby issues
        API->>Dedup: Check deduplication_info
        Dedup->>DB: Save new Issue with<br/>status="duplicate"<br/>parent_issue_id=original.id
        DB-->>Dedup: Issue created
        Dedup-->>API: Return duplicate issue
        API->>API: Skip background processing
        API-->>Client: Response (id=new_issue.id,<br/>linked_issue_id=original.id)
    else No Duplicates
        DB-->>API: No duplicates
        API->>Dedup: No linkage needed
        Dedup->>DB: Save new Issue with<br/>normal status
        DB-->>Dedup: Issue created
        API->>BGTask: Trigger AI processing
        BGTask->>BGTask: Generate action plan
        API-->>Client: Response (id=new_issue.id)
    end
Loading

Estimated code review effort

🎯 3 (Moderate) | ⏱️ ~22 minutes

Possibly related PRs

Suggested labels

ECWoC26, ECWoC26-L2, size/m

Poem

🐰 Five new detectors hop into view,
Parent issues now keep their crew,
Duplicates preserved with care so true,
One CLIP query does the work anew,
Databases linked in dedup's debut!

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 2 | ❌ 1
❌ Failed checks (1 warning)
Check name Status Explanation Resolution
Docstring Coverage ⚠️ Warning Docstring coverage is 58.82% which is insufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Write docstrings for the functions missing them to satisfy the coverage threshold.
✅ Passed checks (2 passed)
Check name Status Explanation
Title check ✅ Passed The title accurately captures the two main themes of the PR: optimization of detection service and improvements to deduplication logic, both of which are central to the changeset.
Description Check ✅ Passed Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.

✏️ Tip: You can configure your own custom pre-merge checks in the settings.

✨ Finishing touches
  • 📝 Generate docstrings
🧪 Generate unit tests (beta)
  • Create PR with unit tests
  • Post copyable unit tests in a comment
  • Commit unit tests in branch optimize-detection-and-deduplication-6713744315435311651

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Pull request overview

This PR improves backend performance and data integrity by optimizing Hugging Face detection calls and persisting deduplicated reports as linked “duplicate” issues instead of discarding them.

Changes:

  • Added an optimized HF path that performs a single detect_all_clip() call for unified detection instead of multiple per-category calls.
  • Updated issue creation to persist deduplicated reports with status="duplicate" and a parent_issue_id link, and filtered duplicates out of /api/issues/recent.
  • Added parent_issue_id to the Issue model and a lightweight DB migration step to add the column + index.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 5 out of 5 changed files in this pull request and generated 5 comments.

Show a summary per file
File Description
backend/unified_detection_service.py Uses detect_all_clip() as a single-call fast path when HF backend is active; updates HF imports for category detectors.
backend/routers/issues.py Persists deduped submissions as duplicate issues linked to a parent, adjusts background task triggering, and filters duplicates from recent issues.
backend/models.py Adds parent_issue_id FK column on issues for duplicate-to-parent linkage.
backend/init_db.py Adds migration steps to introduce parent_issue_id and an index on it.
backend/hf_api_service.py Introduces per-category CLIP detectors (vandalism/infrastructure/flooding/garbage) and the new detect_all_clip() aggregator.
Comments suppressed due to low confidence (1)

backend/routers/issues.py:275

  • The duplicate-response branch sets id to the newly-created duplicate issue ID, but IssueCreateWithDeduplicationResponse.id is documented as “None if deduplication occurred”. Either keep returning id=None for duplicates, or update the response schema/field semantics (e.g., add a separate duplicate_issue_id) so clients aren’t broken by the contract change.
        return IssueCreateWithDeduplicationResponse(
            id=new_issue.id if new_issue else None,
            message="Similar issue found nearby. Your report has been linked to the existing issue to increase its priority.",
            action_plan=None,
            deduplication_info=deduplication_info,
            linked_issue_id=linked_issue_id

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Comment on lines 267 to 269
# It's a duplicate or (theoretically) None, but we handle None as error usually
# If duplicate, we return the linked ID mostly, but maybe we want to return the duplicate ID too?
# The schema might expect just linked_issue_id
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These inline “maybe/theoretically” comments read like unresolved TODOs and make the API behavior ambiguous. Please resolve the decision (what fields should be returned for duplicates) and remove/replace these comments with a clear explanation of the chosen behavior.

Suggested change
# It's a duplicate or (theoretically) None, but we handle None as error usually
# If duplicate, we return the linked ID mostly, but maybe we want to return the duplicate ID too?
# The schema might expect just linked_issue_id
# This branch handles cases where the created issue is marked as a duplicate
# For duplicates, `id` is the ID of this newly created (duplicate) issue, while
# `linked_issue_id` is the ID of the existing canonical issue to which it was linked.
# In normal operation `new_issue` should not be None here; if it is, we return `id=None`
# but still include `linked_issue_id` so the client knows which existing issue it was linked to.

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
Comment on lines 198 to 202
# Duplicate found: Save as "duplicate" linked to parent
# This preserves the user report for administrative review
prev_issue = await run_in_threadpool(
lambda: db.query(Issue.integrity_hash).order_by(Issue.id.desc()).first()
)
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New deduplication behavior persists duplicates with status="duplicate" and parent_issue_id. There are existing API tests for issue creation, but none cover this new branch; please add tests that (1) create a second nearby issue, (2) assert a duplicate row is stored with the correct parent linkage, and (3) confirm recent-issues endpoints exclude duplicates as intended.

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Comment on lines 270 to 275
# Optimization: Use single-pass CLIP call if backend is HF
backend = await self._get_detection_backend()

if backend == "huggingface":
from backend.hf_api_service import detect_all_clip
return await detect_all_clip(image)
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detect_all() now has an HF-only fast path that bypasses the per-category detector calls. Please add/extend tests to validate the returned dict schema (keys + list item shapes) for the HF path, and ensure it stays consistent with the non-HF asyncio.gather path.

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Comment on lines +165 to +176
async def detect_all_clip(image: Union[Image.Image, bytes], client: httpx.AsyncClient = None):
"""
Optimized detection: Runs a single CLIP call with all labels.
"""
# Define categories and their target labels
categories = {
"vandalism": ["graffiti", "broken glass", "vandalized wall", "destroyed property"],
"infrastructure": ["pothole", "broken road", "cracked pavement", "damaged bridge", "collapsed structure"],
"flooding": ["flooded street", "waterlogging", "heavy rain water", "submerged road"],
"garbage": ["garbage pile", "trash overflow", "scattered waste", "dumpster full"],
"fire": ["fire", "smoke", "flames", "burning"]
}
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detect_all_clip() introduces new grouping/threshold logic that drives the optimized unified detection path. Please add tests for this function to verify category grouping, thresholding behavior (e.g., scores just below/above 0.4), and that the output always contains all expected category keys even on unexpected HF responses.

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Comment on lines 131 to 132
except Exception:
pass
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'except' clause does nothing but pass and there is no explanatory comment.

Suggested change
except Exception:
pass
except Exception as exc:
# Column likely already exists or migration already applied; ignore to keep migration idempotent
logger.debug("Skipping adding parent_issue_id column during migration: %s", exc)

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
- Re-added `detect_all_clip`, `detect_vandalism_clip`, `detect_infrastructure_clip`, `detect_flooding_clip`, and `detect_garbage_clip` to `backend/hf_api_service.py`.
- This resolves an `ImportError` in `backend/unified_detection_service.py` that caused deployment failure.

Co-authored-by: RohanExploit <178623867+RohanExploit@users.noreply.github.com>
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2 issues found across 5 files

Prompt for AI agents (all issues)

Check if these issues are valid — if so, understand the root cause of each and fix them.


<file name="backend/hf_api_service.py">

<violation number="1" location="backend/hf_api_service.py:198">
P1: The optimized `detect_all_clip` function combines 5 detection tasks into a single API call, increasing the candidate label count from ~6 to ~30. Since the Hugging Face Zero-Shot Classification API typically applies Softmax across all candidate labels, this will significantly dilute the confidence scores.

For example, if an image contains fire, the probability mass will be split among synonyms ("fire", "smoke", "flames") and diluted by 25+ other labels. A valid detection that previously scored 0.6 might now score 0.15 for individual labels, failing the hardcoded `0.4` threshold. This is a functional regression that will cause False Negatives.

Fix: Aggregate scores by category to "undo" the dilution, and check the category total against the threshold.</violation>
</file>

<file name="backend/routers/issues.py">

<violation number="1" location="backend/routers/issues.py:200">
P1: The integrity hash calculation is susceptible to race conditions. Since fetching `prev_issue` and saving `new_issue` are separate operations without locking, concurrent requests may fetch the same `prev_hash`. This results in multiple issues pointing to the same parent, creating a fork in the blockchain integrity chain and compromising the strict linearity required for verification.</violation>
</file>

Reply with feedback, questions, or to request a fix. Tag @cubic-dev-ai to re-run a review.

# Group results by category
final_results = {k: [] for k in categories.keys()}

for res in results:
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P1: The optimized detect_all_clip function combines 5 detection tasks into a single API call, increasing the candidate label count from ~6 to ~30. Since the Hugging Face Zero-Shot Classification API typically applies Softmax across all candidate labels, this will significantly dilute the confidence scores.

For example, if an image contains fire, the probability mass will be split among synonyms ("fire", "smoke", "flames") and diluted by 25+ other labels. A valid detection that previously scored 0.6 might now score 0.15 for individual labels, failing the hardcoded 0.4 threshold. This is a functional regression that will cause False Negatives.

Fix: Aggregate scores by category to "undo" the dilution, and check the category total against the threshold.

Prompt for AI agents
Check if this issue is valid — if so, understand the root cause and fix it. At backend/hf_api_service.py, line 198:

<comment>The optimized `detect_all_clip` function combines 5 detection tasks into a single API call, increasing the candidate label count from ~6 to ~30. Since the Hugging Face Zero-Shot Classification API typically applies Softmax across all candidate labels, this will significantly dilute the confidence scores.

For example, if an image contains fire, the probability mass will be split among synonyms ("fire", "smoke", "flames") and diluted by 25+ other labels. A valid detection that previously scored 0.6 might now score 0.15 for individual labels, failing the hardcoded `0.4` threshold. This is a functional regression that will cause False Negatives.

Fix: Aggregate scores by category to "undo" the dilution, and check the category total against the threshold.</comment>

<file context>
@@ -142,6 +142,81 @@ async def detect_crowd_density_clip(image: Union[Image.Image, bytes], client: ht
+        # Group results by category
+        final_results = {k: [] for k in categories.keys()}
+
+        for res in results:
+            if not isinstance(res, dict): continue
+
</file context>
Fix with Cubic

new_issue = None
# Duplicate found: Save as "duplicate" linked to parent
# This preserves the user report for administrative review
prev_issue = await run_in_threadpool(
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P1: The integrity hash calculation is susceptible to race conditions. Since fetching prev_issue and saving new_issue are separate operations without locking, concurrent requests may fetch the same prev_hash. This results in multiple issues pointing to the same parent, creating a fork in the blockchain integrity chain and compromising the strict linearity required for verification.

Prompt for AI agents
Check if this issue is valid — if so, understand the root cause and fix it. At backend/routers/issues.py, line 200:

<comment>The integrity hash calculation is susceptible to race conditions. Since fetching `prev_issue` and saving `new_issue` are separate operations without locking, concurrent requests may fetch the same `prev_hash`. This results in multiple issues pointing to the same parent, creating a fork in the blockchain integrity chain and compromising the strict linearity required for verification.</comment>

<file context>
@@ -195,8 +195,33 @@ async def create_issue(
-            new_issue = None
+            # Duplicate found: Save as "duplicate" linked to parent
+            # This preserves the user report for administrative review
+            prev_issue = await run_in_threadpool(
+                lambda: db.query(Issue.integrity_hash).order_by(Issue.id.desc()).first()
+            )
</file context>
Fix with Cubic

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Actionable comments posted: 2

🤖 Fix all issues with AI agents
In `@backend/hf_api_service.py`:
- Around line 165-218: detect_all_clip currently queries all labels at once
which causes CLIP softmax dilution and drops true positives; fix by changing
detection logic in detect_all_clip/query_hf_api to avoid softmax mass effects:
either (A) lower the confidence cutoff for the batched call (e.g., change the
hard threshold from 0.4 to ~0.15–0.2 in detect_all_clip when checking score), or
(B) request raw logits from query_hf_api (or add an option like return_logits)
and convert per-label scores with a sigmoid (or other non-softmax normalization)
and then threshold (e.g., sigmoid > 0.5), or (C) evaluate top-N per category
(for each category in categories, pick top-1 or top-2 labels from results
regardless of absolute score) and populate final_results accordingly; implement
one approach and update the label-checking block that currently uses score > 0.4
and the call to query_hf_api to support logits/top-N as needed.

In `@backend/routers/issues.py`:
- Around line 198-223: The integrity hash chaining reads the last hash using
Issue.id.desc().first() (prev_issue / prev_hash) and can race under concurrent
requests causing forked chains; fix by serializing hash computation around the
read-and-insert sequence (wrap the prev_issue fetch, integrity_hash computation
using hash_content, and save_issue_db call in a DB-level serialization mechanism
such as an advisory lock or a dedicated sequence table/row update) so only one
request computes and appends the next integrity_hash at a time; apply this to
the code paths that use Issue.integrity_hash (prev_issue, prev_hash,
hash_content, integrity_hash, new_issue, save_issue_db) and release the lock
after new_issue is persisted.
🧹 Nitpick comments (6)
backend/hf_api_service.py (1)

196-218: Minor style/logging improvements flagged by Ruff.

A few items from static analysis:

  • Line 199: multiple statements on one line (if not isinstance(res, dict): continue).
  • Line 217: logger.error inside an except block — logger.exception automatically includes the traceback.
Proposed fix
         for res in results:
-            if not isinstance(res, dict): continue
+            if not isinstance(res, dict):
+                continue

             label = res.get('label')
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f"HF Comprehensive Detection Error: {e}")
+        logger.exception(f"HF Comprehensive Detection Error: {e}")
         return {k: [] for k in categories.keys()}
backend/unified_detection_service.py (2)

270-275: Single-pass optimization looks structurally correct, but inherits the threshold concern.

The return shape from detect_all_clip ({"vandalism": [...], "infrastructure": [...], ...}) matches the dict built by the asyncio.gather fallback path (lines 285–291), so the contract is preserved.

Note: the softmax dilution issue flagged in hf_api_service.py applies here — this path may silently return fewer detections than the per-category gather path for the same image. Consider adding a log or metric so you can compare detection counts between the two paths during rollout.


239-246: backend == "auto" is unreachable.

_get_detection_backend() resolves AUTO to "local", "huggingface", or None — it never returns "auto". The or backend == "auto" branch is dead code.

Proposed fix
-        if backend == "huggingface" or backend == "auto":
+        if backend == "huggingface":
backend/init_db.py (1)

127-140: Migration follows existing patterns — minor logging inconsistency.

The idempotent try/except approach is consistent with the rest of the file. One nit: Line 130 uses print() while Line 137 uses logger.info(). The file mixes both, but for new code, prefer logger.info() for consistency with the more recent migrations.

Proposed fix
             try:
                 conn.execute(text("ALTER TABLE issues ADD COLUMN parent_issue_id INTEGER REFERENCES issues(id)"))
-                print("Migrated database: Added parent_issue_id column.")
+                logger.info("Migrated database: Added parent_issue_id column.")
             except Exception:
                 pass
backend/routers/issues.py (2)

198-223: Duplicated hash-computation logic — extract a helper.

Lines 200–206 are a copy-paste of lines 172–179 (fetch previous hash, build content string, compute SHA-256). If the chaining formula changes, both sites must be updated in lockstep.

Proposed refactor
+def _compute_integrity_hash(db: Session, description: str, category: str) -> str:
+    """Compute blockchain-style integrity hash chained to the previous issue."""
+    prev_issue = db.query(Issue.integrity_hash).order_by(Issue.id.desc()).first()
+    prev_hash = prev_issue[0] if prev_issue and prev_issue[0] else ""
+    hash_content = f"{description}|{category}|{prev_hash}"
+    return hashlib.sha256(hash_content.encode()).hexdigest()

Then replace both sites:

-            prev_issue = await run_in_threadpool(
-                lambda: db.query(Issue.integrity_hash).order_by(Issue.id.desc()).first()
-            )
-            prev_hash = prev_issue[0] if prev_issue and prev_issue[0] else ""
-
-            hash_content = f"{description}|{category}|{prev_hash}"
-            integrity_hash = hashlib.sha256(hash_content.encode()).hexdigest()
+            integrity_hash = await run_in_threadpool(
+                _compute_integrity_hash, db, description, category
+            )

258-276: Clean up uncertainty comments in the response path.

Lines 267–269 contain open questions ("theoretically None", "maybe we want to return the duplicate ID too?") that read as WIP notes. The code currently returns new_issue.id for duplicates, which is the correct behavior per the schema (id: Optional[int]). Remove or resolve these comments before merging.

Proposed fix
     else:
-        # It's a duplicate or (theoretically) None, but we handle None as error usually
-        # If duplicate, we return the linked ID mostly, but maybe we want to return the duplicate ID too?
-        # The schema might expect just linked_issue_id
+        # Duplicate issue: return its ID along with the linked parent issue ID
         return IssueCreateWithDeduplicationResponse(
             id=new_issue.id if new_issue else None,

Comment on lines +165 to +218
async def detect_all_clip(image: Union[Image.Image, bytes], client: httpx.AsyncClient = None):
"""
Optimized detection: Runs a single CLIP call with all labels.
"""
# Define categories and their target labels
categories = {
"vandalism": ["graffiti", "broken glass", "vandalized wall", "destroyed property"],
"infrastructure": ["pothole", "broken road", "cracked pavement", "damaged bridge", "collapsed structure"],
"flooding": ["flooded street", "waterlogging", "heavy rain water", "submerged road"],
"garbage": ["garbage pile", "trash overflow", "scattered waste", "dumpster full"],
"fire": ["fire", "smoke", "flames", "burning"]
}

# Helper to check for negative/neutral labels
neutral_labels = ["clean wall", "intact property", "good road", "intact structure", "dry street", "clean street", "normal scene", "safe"]

# Flatten labels
all_target_labels = []
for targets in categories.values():
all_target_labels.extend(targets)

all_labels = all_target_labels + neutral_labels

try:
img_bytes = _prepare_image_bytes(image)
results = await query_hf_api(img_bytes, all_labels, client=client)

if not isinstance(results, list):
return {k: [] for k in categories.keys()}

# Group results by category
final_results = {k: [] for k in categories.keys()}

for res in results:
if not isinstance(res, dict): continue

label = res.get('label')
score = res.get('score', 0)

if score > 0.4: # Threshold
for cat, targets in categories.items():
if label in targets:
final_results[cat].append({
"label": label,
"confidence": score,
"box": []
})
# A label belongs to one category (mostly), but if duplicates exist, it's fine.

return final_results

except Exception as e:
logger.error(f"HF Comprehensive Detection Error: {e}")
return {k: [] for k in categories.keys()}
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⚠️ Potential issue | 🟠 Major

🧩 Analysis chain

🌐 Web query:

CLIP zero-shot classification softmax normalization scores

💡 Result:

In CLIP zero-shot classification, you turn each class label into a text prompt (e.g., “a photo of a {label}”), embed the image and all prompts, then compute scaled cosine similarities and (optionally) a softmax over the candidate classes:

  1. L2-normalize embeddings (unit-length)
    [
    \hat v=\frac{v}{|v|},\quad \hat t_i=\frac{t_i}{|t_i|}
    ]
    CLIP is trained this way: image/text embeddings are L2-normalized, then compared by dot product (cosine similarity). [1]

  2. Compute logits with a learned temperature / scale
    [
    z_i = s \cdot (\hat v^\top \hat t_i)\quad\text{where } s=\exp(t)\ (\text{learned})
    ]
    This is exactly the CLIP training/inference logit form (“scaled pairwise cosine similarities … * exp(t)”). [1]
    In the OpenAI reference code/examples, this is commonly implemented with a fixed-looking multiplier like 100.0 * image_features @ text_features.T (i.e., a particular learned/used scale). [2]

  3. Softmax “normalization scores” (class probabilities over your label set)
    [
    p_i=\mathrm{softmax}(z)_i=\frac{e^{z_i}}{\sum_j e^{z_j}}
    ]
    This makes scores sum to 1 across the provided prompts, so the probabilities are relative to that candidate set (add/remove prompts and the distribution changes). The OpenAI CLIP repo’s zero-shot example applies .softmax(dim=-1) over these similarities. [2]

Practical note: if you need multi-label (independent) decisions, softmax is often the wrong normalization; people typically use raw similarities/logits (or per-label sigmoid after choosing a threshold), because softmax enforces competition among labels. (The softmax step itself is optional at inference; the ranking by logits is unchanged.) [2]

Sources:
[1] Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision (CLIP paper), pseudocode showing L2-normalization and logits = dot(...) * exp(t) and describing learned temperature. (proceedings.mlr.press)
[2] OpenAI CLIP GitHub README zero-shot example showing feature normalization and similarity = (100.0 * image_features @ text_features.T).softmax(dim=-1). (github.com)

Citations:


Address CLIP softmax probability mass dilution with higher label count.

CLIP applies softmax normalization across all candidate labels, making scores sum to 1 across the provided label set. Changing the label set changes the distribution: individual per-category detectors query ~6 labels each, while detect_all_clip queries ~30 labels (22 targets + 8 neutral). A genuine match that scores well above 0.4 in a 6-label context may fall below 0.4 in the 30-label context due to probability mass spreading, causing detections to be silently dropped.

Recommend either:

  1. Lowering the threshold for the batched call (e.g., 0.15–0.2), or
  2. Using independent scoring per label (e.g., raw logits or sigmoid without softmax), or
  3. Using a relative threshold (e.g., top-N per category, or score > mean + k*stddev).

Without correction, detect_all_clip may return fewer detections than the per-category fallback path.

🧰 Tools
🪛 Ruff (0.14.14)

[error] 199-199: Multiple statements on one line (colon)

(E701)


[warning] 214-214: Consider moving this statement to an else block

(TRY300)


[warning] 216-216: Do not catch blind exception: Exception

(BLE001)


[warning] 217-217: Use logging.exception instead of logging.error

Replace with exception

(TRY400)

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents
In `@backend/hf_api_service.py` around lines 165 - 218, detect_all_clip currently
queries all labels at once which causes CLIP softmax dilution and drops true
positives; fix by changing detection logic in detect_all_clip/query_hf_api to
avoid softmax mass effects: either (A) lower the confidence cutoff for the
batched call (e.g., change the hard threshold from 0.4 to ~0.15–0.2 in
detect_all_clip when checking score), or (B) request raw logits from
query_hf_api (or add an option like return_logits) and convert per-label scores
with a sigmoid (or other non-softmax normalization) and then threshold (e.g.,
sigmoid > 0.5), or (C) evaluate top-N per category (for each category in
categories, pick top-1 or top-2 labels from results regardless of absolute
score) and populate final_results accordingly; implement one approach and update
the label-checking block that currently uses score > 0.4 and the call to
query_hf_api to support logits/top-N as needed.

Comment on lines 198 to 223
# Duplicate found: Save as "duplicate" linked to parent
# This preserves the user report for administrative review
prev_issue = await run_in_threadpool(
lambda: db.query(Issue.integrity_hash).order_by(Issue.id.desc()).first()
)
prev_hash = prev_issue[0] if prev_issue and prev_issue[0] else ""

hash_content = f"{description}|{category}|{prev_hash}"
integrity_hash = hashlib.sha256(hash_content.encode()).hexdigest()

new_issue = Issue(
reference_id=str(uuid.uuid4()),
description=description,
category=category,
image_path=image_path,
source="web",
user_email=user_email,
latitude=latitude,
longitude=longitude,
location=location,
action_plan=None,
integrity_hash=integrity_hash,
status="duplicate",
parent_issue_id=linked_issue_id
)
await run_in_threadpool(save_issue_db, db, new_issue)
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⚠️ Potential issue | 🟡 Minor

Race condition in integrity hash chaining for concurrent requests.

Both the duplicate and non-duplicate paths fetch the last integrity_hash via Issue.id.desc().first() without any locking. Under concurrent requests, two issues can read the same "previous hash" and produce chains that fork rather than form a linear sequence. This was a pre-existing issue, but it's now more likely since duplicate issues are also inserted into the chain.

If strict linear chaining is important for the blockchain integrity feature, consider serializing hash computation (e.g., via a DB advisory lock or a dedicated sequence table). If the chain is best-effort, a brief comment documenting that would help.

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents
In `@backend/routers/issues.py` around lines 198 - 223, The integrity hash
chaining reads the last hash using Issue.id.desc().first() (prev_issue /
prev_hash) and can race under concurrent requests causing forked chains; fix by
serializing hash computation around the read-and-insert sequence (wrap the
prev_issue fetch, integrity_hash computation using hash_content, and
save_issue_db call in a DB-level serialization mechanism such as an advisory
lock or a dedicated sequence table/row update) so only one request computes and
appends the next integrity_hash at a time; apply this to the code paths that use
Issue.integrity_hash (prev_issue, prev_hash, hash_content, integrity_hash,
new_issue, save_issue_db) and release the lock after new_issue is persisted.

- Restored `detect_all_clip`, `detect_vandalism_clip`, `detect_infrastructure_clip`, `detect_flooding_clip`, and `detect_garbage_clip` in `backend/hf_api_service.py`.
- These functions were missing in the previous deployment, causing ImportErrors in `backend/unified_detection_service.py`.

Co-authored-by: RohanExploit <178623867+RohanExploit@users.noreply.github.com>
@github-actions
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github-actions bot commented Feb 9, 2026

🔍 Quality Reminder

Thanks for the updates! Please ensure:
- Your changes don't break existing functionality
- All tests still pass
- Code quality standards are maintained

*The maintainers will verify that the overall project flow remains intact.*

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