test: ztest: Add math basic arithmetic unit tests converted from CMock #20997

Job	Run time
LP64-WIP	3m 30s
manifest-check	58s
build-windows (imx8 imx8x imx8m imx8ulp)	10m 12s
build-windows (-d, lnl)	6m 42s
build-linux (zmain, mtl lnl)	5m 19s
build-linux (mnfst, --all)	15m 29s
build-windows (mtl lnl)	8m 10s
build-linux (mnfst, imx8 imx8x imx8m imx8ulp)	6m 19s
build-linux (mnfst, tgl tgl-h)	5m 0s
build-linux (mnfst, ptl)	4m 3s
build-windows (tgl tgl-h)	7m 11s
build-linux (zmain, ptl)	3m 55s
build-linux (mnfst, mtl lnl)	5m 19s
build-linux (-d, mnfst, lnl)	4m 2s
build-windows (ptl)	6m 59s
build-linux (zmain, tgl tgl-h)	5m 1s
build-linux (zmain, imx8 imx8x imx8m imx8ulp)	6m 2s
compare-linux-win	34s
	1h 44m 45s

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