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<div role="ami_encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia" data-metadata="{ "created": "2026-01-17T08:36:59Z", "last_edited": "2026-01-17T08:39:58Z", "title": "Encyclopedia", "version": "1.0.0", "actions": [], "hidden_entries": [], "disambiguation_selections": [], "merge_operations": [], "sort_history": [], "statistics": {} }">
<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q125928" term="global warming" wikidataID="Q125928" data-category="true_wikipedia"><div class="entry-checkboxes" data-category="true_wikipedia"><div class="entry-checkbox-wrapper"><input type="checkbox" class="merge-synonyms-checkbox" data-entry-id="Q125928" data-wikidata-id="Q125928" id="merge_Q125928" checked="checked"/><label for="merge_Q125928">Merge synonyms</label></div></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" class="wikipedia-link">Climate change</a><span class="link-spacer"> </span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125928" class="wikidata-link">Q125928</a><ul class="synonym_list"><li>global warming</li><li>climate change</li></ul><p class="wpage_first_para">Present-day <b>climate change</b> includes both <b>global warming</b>—the ongoing increase in <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global average temperature</a>—and its wider effects on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change in a broader sense</a> also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. The modern-day rise in global temperatures is <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">driven by human activities</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>) burning since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynas_2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynas_2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil fuel use, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">deforestation</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">agricultural</a> and industrial practices release <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_World_in_Data-2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gases <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">absorb some of the heat</a> that the Earth <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">radiates</a> after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere now has <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth">roughly 50% more carbon dioxide</a>, the main gas driving global warming, than it did at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial era</a>, reaching levels not seen for millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q12705" term="renewable energy" wikidataID="Q12705" data-category="true_wikipedia"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" class="wikipedia-link">Renewable energy</a><span class="link-spacer"> </span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705" class="wikidata-link">Q12705</a><p class="wpage_first_para"><b>Renewable energy</b> (also called <b>green energy</b>) is <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable natural resources</a> that are replenished on a <a href="/wiki/Human_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lifetime">human timescale</a>. The most widely used renewable energy types are <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> are also significant in some countries. Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban and rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a>. This has several benefits: electricity can <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">move heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">vehicles</a> efficiently and is clean at the point of consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variable renewable energy</a> sources are those that have a fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. In contrast, <i>controllable renewable energy</i> sources include dammed <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a>.
</p>
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<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q12748" term="fossil fuels" wikidataID="Q12748" data-category="true_wikipedia"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="wikipedia-link">Fossil fuels</a><span class="link-spacer"> </span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748" class="wikidata-link">Q12748</a><p class="wpage_first_para">A <b>fossil fuel</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a flammable carbon compound- or <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a>-containing material<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> from the buried remains of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> (animals, plants or <a href="/wiki/Microplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Microplankton">microplanktons</a>), a process that occurs within <a href="/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">geological formations</a>. Reservoirs of such compound mixtures, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, can be extracted and burnt as fuel for human consumption to provide energy for direct use (such as for cooking, heating or lighting), to power <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a> (such as steam or internal combustion engines) that can propel vehicles, or to generate electricity via <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> generators.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fossil fuels are further <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes" title="Petroleum refining processes">refined</a> into derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, or converted into <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a> such as polyolefins (<a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_compound" title="Aromatic compound">aromatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_resin" title="Synthetic resin">synthetic resins</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q37129" term="methane" wikidataID="Q37129" data-category="true_wikipedia"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" class="wikipedia-link">Methane</a><span class="link-spacer"> </span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129" class="wikidata-link">Q37129</a><p class="wpage_first_para"><b>Methane</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">METH</span>-ayn</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"/><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MEE</span>-thayn</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su&gt;span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> (one <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atom bonded to four <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms). It is a <a href="/wiki/Group-14_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Group-14 hydride">group-14 hydride</a>, the simplest <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a>, and the main constituent of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. The abundance of methane on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> makes it an economically attractive <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, although capturing and storing it is difficult because it is a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>. In the Earth's atmosphere methane is transparent to visible light but absorbs <a href="/wiki/Infrared_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared radiation">infrared radiation</a>, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. Methane is an <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a>, and among the simplest of organic compounds.
</p>
</div>
<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q171183" term="IPCC" wikidataID="Q171183" data-category="true_wikipedia"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC" class="wikipedia-link">IPCC</a><span class="link-spacer"> </span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171183" class="wikidata-link">Q171183</a><p class="wpage_first_para">The <b>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</b> (<b>IPCC</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental body">intergovernmental body</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Its job is to "provide governments at all levels with scientific information that they can use to develop <a href="/wiki/Climate_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate policies">climate policies</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) set up the IPCC in 1988. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations</a> endorsed the creation of the IPCC later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGA_resolution_endorsing_IPCC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a secretariat in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, hosted by the WMO. It has 195 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states</a> who govern the IPCC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The member states elect a bureau of scientists to serve through an assessment cycle. A cycle is usually six to seven years. The bureau selects experts in their fields to prepare IPCC reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
There is a formal nomination process by governments and observer organizations to find these experts. The IPCC has three working groups and a task force, which carry out its scientific work.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q41560" term="greenhouse effect" wikidataID="Q41560" data-category="true_wikipedia"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" class="wikipedia-link">Greenhouse effect</a><span class="link-spacer"> </span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41560" class="wikidata-link">Q41560</a><p class="wpage_first_para">The <b>greenhouse effect</b> occurs when <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">heat-trapping gases in a planet's atmosphere</a> prevent the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>) or come from an external source, such as a <a href="/wiki/Host_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Host star">host star</a>. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> emits <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave radiation">shortwave radiation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>) that passes through greenhouse gases to heat the Earth's surface. In response, the Earth's surface emits <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">longwave radiation</a> that is mostly <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> by greenhouse gases, reducing the rate at which the Earth can cool off.
</p>
</div>
<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q8104" term="atmosphere" wikidataID="Q8104" data-category="true_wikipedia"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere" class="wikipedia-link">Atmosphere</a><span class="link-spacer"> </span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8104" class="wikidata-link">Q8104</a><p class="wpage_first_para">An <b>atmosphere</b> is a layer of <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> that envelop an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a>, held in place by the <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> of the object. The name originates from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀτμός">ἀτμός</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>atmós</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">vapour, steam</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CF%81%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σφαῖρα">σφαῖρα</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>sphaîra</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sphere</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An object acquires most of its atmosphere during its primordial epoch, either by <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> of matter or by outgassing of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a>. The chemical interaction of the atmosphere with the solid surface can change its fundamental composition, as can <a href="/wiki/Photochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical">photochemical</a> interaction with the Sun. A planet retains an atmosphere for longer durations when the <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> is high and the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> is low. The <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> works to strip away a planet's outer atmosphere, although this process is slowed by a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>. The further a body is from the Sun, the lower the rate of atmospheric stripping.
</p>
</div>
<div role="ami_entry" class="encyclopedia-entry" data-entry-id="Q2728658" term="cutx" wikidataID="Q2728658" data-category="true_wikipedia">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutx" class="wikipedia-link">Cutx</a>
<span class="link-spacer"> </span>
<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2728658" class="wikidata-link">Q2728658</a>
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