Merge pull request #6 from javascript-tutorial/sync-08734734

Sync with upstream @ 0873473

Author: lighthousand

1-js/01-getting-started/1-intro/article.md

@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@ Să vedem ce e atât de special la JavaScript, ce putem realiza cu el și ce alt
 
 *JavaScript* a fost creat inițial pentru *"a da viață paginilor"*.
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 În acest limbaj programele sunt numite *script-uri*(scripts). Acestea pot fi scrise direct în HTML și executate în mod automat pe măsură ce pagina se încarcă.
+=======
+The programs in this language are called *scripts*. They can be written right in a web page's HTML and run automatically as the page loads.
+>>>>>>> 08734734021aa128c13da2382fe8fa062677bb9f
 
 Script-urile sunt furnizate și executate ca și text simplu. Ele nu au nevoie de pregătire specială sau de compilare pentru a rula.
 
@@ -70,7 +74,11 @@ Exemplele acestor restricții sunt:
     Există mijloace prin care se poate interacționa cu camera/microfonul sau alte dispozitive, dar ele necesită permisiunea explicită a utilizatorului. Așadar o pagină pe care este activat JavaScript-ul nu ar putea activa o cameră web în mod viclean, și să privească împrejurimile și să trimită informații către [NSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency).
 - În general, diferite tab-uri/ferestre nu știu nimic unele despre celelalte. Câteodată acestea știu, de exemplu când o fereastră folosește JavaScript pentru a deschide cealaltă fereastră. Dar chiar și în acest caz, JavaScript nu poate accesa cealaltă fereastră dacă ambele ferestre vin de pe site-uri diferite (de la un domeniu, protocol sau port diferit).
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
     Acest lucru se numește "Same Origin Policy"(politica aceleiași origini). Pentru a lucra în jurul acesteia, *ambele pagini* trebuie să conțină un cod special JavaScript care să administreze schimbul de date.
+=======
+    This is called the "Same Origin Policy". To work around that, *both pages* must agree for data exchange and contain a special JavaScript code that handles it. We'll cover that in the tutorial.
+>>>>>>> 08734734021aa128c13da2382fe8fa062677bb9f
 
     Limitarea este din nou pentru siguranța utilizatorului. O pagină de la `http://anysite.com` pe care un utilizator a deschis-o nu trebuie să poată accesa alt tab al browser-ului cu URL-ul `http://gmail.com` și să fure informații de acolo.
 - JavaScript poate cu ușurință să comunice pe net către server, de unde a venit pagina curentă. Dar abilitatea sa de a primi date de la alte site-uri/domenii este infirmată. Deși posibil, acesta necesită acord explicit(exprimat prin headere HTTP) din partea serverului de la distanță. Din nou, acestea sunt limitări de securitate.

1-js/02-first-steps/01-hello-world/article.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Hello, world!
 
-The tutorial that you're reading is about core JavaScript, which is platform-independent. Later on, you'll learn about Node.js and other platforms that use it.
+This part of the tutorial is about core JavaScript, the language itself. Later on, you'll learn about Node.js and other platforms that use it.
 
 But we need a working environment to run our scripts and, since this book is online, the browser is a good choice. We'll keep the amount of browser-specific commands (like `alert`) to a minimum so that you don't spend time on them if you plan to concentrate on another environment (like Node.js). We'll focus on JavaScript in the browser in the [next part](/ui) of the tutorial.
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The `<script>` tag contains JavaScript code which is automatically executed when
 The `<script>` tag has a few attributes that are rarely used nowadays but can still be found in old code:
 
 The `type` attribute: <code>&lt;script <u>type</u>=...&gt;</code>
-: The old HTML standard, HTML4, required a script to have a `type`. Usually it was `type="text/javascript"`. It's not required anymore. Also, the modern HTML standard, HTML5, totally changed the meaning of this attribute. Now, it can be used for JavaScript modules. But that's an advanced topic; we'll talk about modules in another part of the tutorial. 
+: The old HTML standard, HTML4, required a script to have a `type`. Usually it was `type="text/javascript"`. It's not required anymore. Also, the modern HTML standard, HTML5, totally changed the meaning of this attribute. Now, it can be used for JavaScript modules. But that's an advanced topic; we'll talk about modules in another part of the tutorial.
 
 The `language` attribute: <code>&lt;script <u>language</u>=...&gt;</code>
 : This attribute was meant to show the language of the script. This attribute no longer makes sense because JavaScript is the default language. There is no need to use it.

1-js/02-first-steps/04-variables/article.md

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ alert(message); // Hello world!
 ```
 
 ```smart header="Functional languages"
-It's interesting to note that [functional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming) programming languages, like [Scala](http://www.scala-lang.org/) or [Erlang](http://www.erlang.org/), forbid changing variable values.
+It's interesting to note that there exist [functional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming) programming languages, like [Scala](http://www.scala-lang.org/) or [Erlang](http://www.erlang.org/) that forbid changing variable values.
 
 In such languages, once the value is stored "in the box", it's there forever. If we need to store something else, the language forces us to create a new box (declare a new variable). We can't reuse the old one.
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ let my-name; // hyphens '-' aren't allowed in the name
 Variables named `apple` and `AppLE` are two different variables.
 ```
 
-````smart header="Non-English letters are allowed, but not recommended"
+````smart header="Non-Latin letters are allowed, but not recommended"
 It is possible to use any language, including cyrillic letters or even hieroglyphs, like this:
 
 ```js
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ There is a widespread practice to use constants as aliases for difficult-to-reme
 
 Such constants are named using capital letters and underscores.
 
-Like this:
+For instance, let's make constants for colors in so-called "web" (hexadecimal) format:
 
 ```js run
 const COLOR_RED = "#F00";
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ In other words, capital-named constants are only used as aliases for "hard-coded
 
 Talking about variables, there's one more extremely important thing.
 
-Please name your variables sensibly. Take time to think about this.
+A variable name should have a clean, obvious meaning, describe the data that it stores.
 
 Variable naming is one of the most important and complex skills in programming. A quick glance at variable names can reveal which code was written by a beginner versus an experienced developer.
 

1-js/02-first-steps/05-types/article.md

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ The last three lines may need additional explanation:
 
 ## Summary
 
-There are 7 basic types in JavaScript.
+There are 7 basic data types in JavaScript.
 
 - `number` for numbers of any kind: integer or floating-point.
 - `string` for strings. A string may have one or more characters, there's no separate single-character type.

1-js/02-first-steps/08-comparison/article.md

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Why does it dislike zero so much? Always false!
 We get these results because:
 
 - Comparisons `(1)` and `(2)` return `false` because `undefined` gets converted to `NaN` and `NaN` is a special numeric value which returns `false` for all comparisons.
-- The equality check `(3)` returns `false` because `undefined` only equals `null` and no other value.
+- The equality check `(3)` returns `false` because `undefined` only equals `null`, `undefined`, and no other value.
 
 ### Evade problems
 

1-js/02-first-steps/09-alert-prompt-confirm/article.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Interaction: alert, prompt, confirm
 
-This part of the tutorial aims to cover JavaScript "as is", without environment-specific tweaks.
+In this part of the tutorial we cover JavaScript language "as is", without environment-specific tweaks.
 
 But we'll still be using the browser as our demo environment, so we should know at least a few of its user-interface functions. In this chapter, we'll get familiar with the browser functions `alert`, `prompt` and `confirm`.
 

1-js/02-first-steps/10-ifelse/article.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Sometimes, we need to perform different actions based on different conditions.
 
-To do that, we use the `if` statement and the conditional (ternary) operator which we will be referring to as the “question mark” operator `?` for simplicity.
+To do that, we can use the `if` statement and the conditional operator `?`, that's also called a "question mark" operator.
 
 ## The "if" statement
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ In the code above, JavaScript first checks `year < 2015`. If that is falsy, it g
 
 There can be more `else if` blocks. The final `else` is optional.
 
-## Ternary operator '?'
+## Conditional operator '?'
 
 Sometimes, we need to assign a variable depending on a condition.
 
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ if (age > 18) {
 alert(accessAllowed);
 ```
 
-The so-called "ternary" or "question mark" operator lets us do that in a shorter and simpler way.
+The so-called "conditional" or "question mark" operator lets us do that in a shorter and simpler way.
 
-The operator is represented by a question mark `?`.  The formal term "ternary" means that the operator has three operands. It is actually the one and only operator in JavaScript which has that many.
+The operator is represented by a question mark `?`. Sometimes it's called "ternary", because the operator has three operands. It is actually the one and only operator in JavaScript which has that many.
 
 The syntax is:
 ```js
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ For example:
 let accessAllowed = (age > 18) ? true : false;
 ```
 
-Technically, we can omit the parentheses around `age > 18`. The question mark operator has a low precedence, so it executes after the comparison `>`. 
+Technically, we can omit the parentheses around `age > 18`. The question mark operator has a low precedence, so it executes after the comparison `>`.
 
 This example will do the same thing as the previous one:
 

1-js/02-first-steps/11-logical-operators/article.md

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ The OR `||` operator does the following:
 
 A value is returned in its original form, without the conversion.
 
-In other words, a chain of OR `"||"` returns the first truthy value or the last one if no such value is found.
+In other words, a chain of OR `"||"` returns the first truthy value or the last one if no truthy value is found.
 
 For instance:
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ This leads to some interesting usage compared to a "pure, classical, boolean-onl
 
 1. **Getting the first truthy value from a list of variables or expressions.**
 
-    Imagine we have several variables which can either contain data or be `null/undefined`. How can we find the first one with data?
+    Imagine we have a list of variables which can either contain data or be `null/undefined`. How can we find the first one with data?
 
     We can use OR `||`:
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ This leads to some interesting usage compared to a "pure, classical, boolean-onl
     alert(x); // 1
     ```
 
-    An assignment is a simple case. Other side effects can also be involved.
+    An assignment is a simple case. There may be side effects, that won't show up if the evaluation doesn't reach them.
 
     As we can see, such a use case is a "shorter way of doing `if`". The first operand is converted to boolean. If it's false, the second one is evaluated.
 

1-js/02-first-steps/12-while-for/article.md

@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ while (i) { // when i becomes 0, the condition becomes falsy, and the loop stops
 }
 ```
 
-````smart header="Brackets are not required for a single-line body"
-If the loop body has a single statement, we can omit the brackets `{…}`:
+````smart header="Curly braces are not required for a single-line body"
+If the loop body has a single statement, we can omit the curly braces `{…}`:
 
 ```js run
 let i = 3;

1-js/02-first-steps/14-function-basics/article.md

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ showMessage();
 alert( userName ); // *!*Bob*/!*, the value was modified by the function
 ```
 
-The outer variable is only used if there's no local one. So an occasional modification may happen if we forget `let`.
+The outer variable is only used if there's no local one.
 
 If a same-named variable is declared inside the function then it *shadows* the outer one. For instance, in the code below the function uses the local `userName`. The outer one is ignored:
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ Variables declared outside of any function, such as the outer `userName` in the
 
 Global variables are visible from any function (unless shadowed by locals).
 
-Usually, a function declares all variables specific to its task. Global variables only store project-level data, and it's important that these variables are accessible from anywhere. Modern code has few or no globals. Most variables reside in their functions.
+It's a good practice to minimize the use of global variables. Modern code has few or no globals. Most variables reside in their functions. Sometimes though, they can be useful to store project-level data.
 ```
 
 ## Parameters
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ A few examples of breaking this rule:
 - `createForm` -- would be bad if it modifies the document, adding a form to it (should only create it and return).
 - `checkPermission` -- would be bad if it displays the `access granted/denied` message (should only perform the check and return the result).
 
-These examples assume common meanings of prefixes. What they mean for you is determined by you and your team. Maybe it's pretty normal for your code to behave differently. But you should have a firm understanding of what a prefix means, what a prefixed function can and cannot do. All same-prefixed functions should obey the rules. And the team should share the knowledge.
+These examples assume common meanings of prefixes. You and your team are free to agree on other meanings, but usually they're not much different. In any case, you should have a firm understanding of what a prefix means, what a prefixed function can and cannot do. All same-prefixed functions should obey the rules. And the team should share the knowledge.
 ```
 
 ```smart header="Ultrashort function names"