Merge branch 'master' of github.com:fluentpython/example-code-2e

Author: ramalho

25-class-metaprog/sentinel/sentinel.py

@@ -1,23 +1,41 @@
 """
+This module provides a ``Sentinel`` class that can be used directly as a
+sentinel singleton, or subclassed if a distinct sentinel singleton is needed.
+
+The ``repr`` of a ``Sentinel`` class is its name::
 
     >>> class Missing(Sentinel): pass
     >>> Missing
     Missing
+
+If a different ``repr`` is required,
+you can define it as a class attribute::
+
     >>> class CustomRepr(Sentinel):
     ...     repr = '<CustomRepr>'
     ...
     >>> CustomRepr
     <CustomRepr>
 
+``Sentinel`` classes cannot be instantiated::
+
+    >>> Missing()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'Missing' is a sentinel and cannot be instantiated
+
 """
 
-class SentinelMeta(type):
+
+class _SentinelMeta(type):
     def __repr__(cls):
         try:
             return cls.repr
         except AttributeError:
             return cls.__name__
 
-class Sentinel(metaclass=SentinelMeta):
+
+class Sentinel(metaclass=_SentinelMeta):
     def __new__(cls):
-        return cls
+        msg = 'is a sentinel and cannot be instantiated'
+        raise TypeError(f"'{cls!r}' {msg}")

25-class-metaprog/sentinel/sentinel_test.py

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 import pickle
 
+import pytest
+
 from sentinel import Sentinel
 
-class PlainSentinel(Sentinel): pass
+
+class PlainSentinel(Sentinel):
+    pass
 
 
 class SentinelCustomRepr(Sentinel):
@@ -13,16 +17,23 @@ def test_repr():
     assert repr(PlainSentinel) == 'PlainSentinel'
 
 
-def test_pickle():
-    s = pickle.dumps(PlainSentinel)
-    ps = pickle.loads(s)
-    assert ps is PlainSentinel
+def test_cannot_instantiate():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as e:
+        PlainSentinel()
+    msg = "'PlainSentinel' is a sentinel and cannot be instantiated"
+    assert msg in str(e.value)
 
 
 def test_custom_repr():
     assert repr(SentinelCustomRepr) == '***SentinelRepr***'
 
 
+def test_pickle():
+    s = pickle.dumps(SentinelCustomRepr)
+    ps = pickle.loads(s)
+    assert ps is SentinelCustomRepr
+
+
 def test_sentinel_comes_ready_to_use():
     assert repr(Sentinel) == 'Sentinel'
     s = pickle.dumps(Sentinel)

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Fluent Python 2e example code
 
-Example code for the book **Fluent Python, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition** by Luciano Ramalho (O'Reilly, 2020).
+Example code for the book **Fluent Python, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition** by Luciano Ramalho (O'Reilly, 2021).
 
 > **BEWARE**: This is a work in progress!
 >