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<meta property="og:description" content="Cookie(属于文档对象模型DOM树根节点document)Cookie 是小甜饼的意思。顾名思义，cookie 确实非常小，它的大小限制为4KB左右。它的主要用途有保存登录信息，比如你登录某个网站市场可以看到“记住密码”，这通常就是通过在 Cookie 中存入一段辨别用户身份的数据来实现的。 localStorage(属于浏览器对象模型BOM的对象window)localStorage 是 H">
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<div class="post-date" data-datetime="2020-09-13T23:42:16+08:00">
<div class="post-time-text">9月</div>
<div class="post-time-count">13</div>
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<h2 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">详解 Cookie、 LocalStorage 与 SessionStorage</h2>
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
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2018-06-23
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<span id="/storage.html" class="leancloud_visitors" data-flag-title="详解 Cookie、 LocalStorage 与 SessionStorage">
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">热度 </span>
<span class="leancloud-visitors-count"></span> ℃
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计：</span>
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1,755 (字)
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长：</span>
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7 (分钟)
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</header>
<div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
<h2 id="Cookie-属于文档对象模型DOM树根节点document"><a href="#Cookie-属于文档对象模型DOM树根节点document" class="headerlink" title="Cookie(属于文档对象模型DOM树根节点document)"></a>Cookie(属于文档对象模型DOM树根节点document)</h2><p>Cookie 是小甜饼的意思。顾名思义，cookie 确实非常小，它的大小限制为4KB左右。它的主要用途有保存登录信息，比如你登录某个网站市场可以看到“记住密码”，这通常就是通过在 Cookie 中存入一段辨别用户身份的数据来实现的。</p>
<h2 id="localStorage-属于浏览器对象模型BOM的对象window"><a href="#localStorage-属于浏览器对象模型BOM的对象window" class="headerlink" title="localStorage(属于浏览器对象模型BOM的对象window)"></a>localStorage(属于浏览器对象模型BOM的对象window)</h2><p>localStorage 是 HTML5 标准中新加入的技术，它并不是什么划时代的新东西。早在 IE 6 时代，就有一个叫 userData 的东西用于本地存储，而当时考虑到浏览器兼容性，更通用的方案是使用 Flash。而如今，localStorage 被大多数浏览器所支持，如果你的网站需要支持 IE6+，那以 userData 作为你的 polyfill 的方案是种不错的选择。</p>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ol>
<li>存储容量限制，大部分浏览器应该最多5M。</li>
<li>仅支持字符串，如果是存对象还需要将使用JSON.stringify和JSON.parse方法互相转换，有些啰嗦。</li>
<li>读取都是同步的。大多数情况下，还挺好使的。但如果存储数据比较大，例如一张重要图片base64格式存储了，读取可能会有可感知的延迟时间。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="sessionStorage"><a href="#sessionStorage" class="headerlink" title="sessionStorage"></a>sessionStorage</h2><p>sessionStorage 与 localStorage 的接口类似，但保存数据的生命周期与 localStorage 不同。做过后端开发的同学应该知道 Session 这个词的意思，直译过来是“会话”。而 sessionStorage 是一个前端的概念，它只是可以将一部分数据在当前会话中保存下来，刷新页面数据依旧存在。但当页面关闭后，sessionStorage 中的数据就会被清空。</p>
<hr>
<a id="more"></a>
<h2 id="三者的异同"><a href="#三者的异同" class="headerlink" title="三者的异同"></a>三者的异同</h2><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">特性</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Cookie</th>
<th style="text-align:center">localstorage</th>
<th>sessionstorage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">生命周期</td>
<td style="text-align:center">一般由服务器生成，可设置失效时间。如果在浏览器端生成Cookie，默认是关闭浏览器后失效</td>
<td style="text-align:center">除非被清除，否则永久保存</td>
<td>仅在当前会话下有效，关闭页面或浏览器后被清除</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">数据大小</td>
<td style="text-align:center">4K</td>
<td style="text-align:center">5M</td>
<td>5M</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">与服务器端通信</td>
<td style="text-align:center">每次都会携带在HTTP头中，如果使用cookie保存过多数据会带来性能问题</td>
<td style="text-align:center">仅在客户端（即浏览器）中保存，不参与和服务器的通信</td>
<td>同上</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">易用性</td>
<td style="text-align:center">需要自己封装，原生的Cookie接口不友好</td>
<td style="text-align:center">可以封装来对Object和Array有更好的支持</td>
<td>同上</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>还有两种存储技术用于大规模数据存储，webSQL（已被废除）和 indexDB。
IE 支持 userData 存储数据，但是基本很少使用到，除非有很强的浏览器兼容需求。</p>
<h2 id="安全性的考虑"><a href="#安全性的考虑" class="headerlink" title="安全性的考虑"></a>安全性的考虑</h2><p>需要注意的是，不是什么数据都适合放在 Cookie、localStorage 和 sessionStorage 中的。使用它们的时候，需要时刻注意是否有代码存在 XSS 注入的风险。因为只要打开控制台，你就随意修改它们的值，也就是说如果你的网站中有 XSS 的风险，它们就能对你的 localStorage 肆意妄为。所以千万不要用它们存储你系统中的敏感数据。</p>
<h2 id="cookie用法"><a href="#cookie用法" class="headerlink" title="cookie用法"></a>cookie用法</h2><p>JavaScript 可以使用 document.cookie 属性来创建 、读取、及删除 cookie。
document.cookie=”username=John Doe”;</p>
<p>您还可以为 cookie 添加一个过期时间（以 UTC 或 GMT 时间）。默认情况下，cookie 在浏览器关闭时删除：
document.cookie=”username=John Doe; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013 12:00:00 GMT”;</p>
<p>您可以使用 path 参数告诉浏览器 cookie 的路径。默认情况下，cookie 属于当前页面。
document.cookie=”username=John Doe; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013 12:00:00 GMT; path=/“;</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 设置cookie</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">setCookie</span>(<span class="params">cname,cvalue,exdays</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> d = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Date</span>();</span><br><span class="line"> d.setTime(d.getTime()+(exdays*<span class="number">24</span>*<span class="number">60</span>*<span class="number">60</span>*<span class="number">1000</span>));</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> expires = <span class="string">"expires="</span>+d.toGMTString();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">document</span>.cookie = cname + <span class="string">"="</span> + cvalue + <span class="string">"; "</span> + expires;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getCookie</span>(<span class="params">name</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> arr = <span class="built_in">document</span>.cookie.replace(<span class="regexp">/\s/g</span>, <span class="string">""</span>).split(<span class="string">";"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> (<span class="keyword">var</span> i = <span class="number">0</span>; i < arr.length; i++) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> tempArr = arr[i].split(<span class="string">"="</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (tempArr[<span class="number">0</span>] === name) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="built_in">decodeURIComponent</span>(tempArr[<span class="number">1</span>]);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">""</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 获取指定cookie</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getCookie2</span>(<span class="params">cname</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> name = cname + <span class="string">"="</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> ca = <span class="built_in">document</span>.cookie.split(<span class="string">';'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span>(<span class="keyword">var</span> i=<span class="number">0</span>; i<ca.length; i++) </span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> c = ca[i].trim();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (c.indexOf(name)==<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="keyword">return</span> c.substring(name.length,c.length);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">""</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">getCookie3</span>(<span class="params">name</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">let</span> v = <span class="built_in">window</span>.document.cookie.match(<span class="string">"(^|;) ?"</span> + name + <span class="string">"=([^;]*)(;|$)"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> v ? v[<span class="number">2</span>] : <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> cookie = <span class="function">(<span class="params">n, v</span>) =></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">typeof</span> v !== <span class="string">'undefined'</span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">window</span>.document.cookie = [n, <span class="string">'='</span>, <span class="built_in">encodeURIComponent</span>(v)].join(<span class="string">''</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> v = <span class="built_in">window</span>.document.cookie.match(<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">RegExp</span>(<span class="string">`(?:\\s|^)<span class="subst">${n}</span>\\=([^;]*)`</span>))</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> v ? <span class="built_in">decodeURIComponent</span>(v[<span class="number">1</span>]) : <span class="literal">null</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 检测cookie函数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">checkCookie</span>(<span class="params"></span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> username=getCookie(<span class="string">"username"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (username!=<span class="string">""</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="string">"Welcome again "</span> + username);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span> </span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> username = prompt(<span class="string">"Please enter your name:"</span>,<span class="string">""</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (username!=<span class="string">""</span> && username!=<span class="literal">null</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> {</span><br><span class="line"> setCookie(<span class="string">"username"</span>,username,<span class="number">365</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="localStorage和sessionStorage用法-存储数组、数字、对象等可以被序列化为字符串的内容"><a href="#localStorage和sessionStorage用法-存储数组、数字、对象等可以被序列化为字符串的内容" class="headerlink" title="localStorage和sessionStorage用法(存储数组、数字、对象等可以被序列化为字符串的内容)"></a>localStorage和sessionStorage用法(存储数组、数字、对象等可以被序列化为字符串的内容)</h2><p>localStorage和sessionStorage类似(也可以像普通对象一样用点(.)操作符，及[]的方式进行数据存储)</p>
<p>window.localStorage.key(1) // 读取索引为1的值
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">static</span> setStorage(name, data) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">typeof</span> data === <span class="string">'object'</span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">window</span>.localStorage.setItem(name, <span class="built_in">JSON</span>.stringify(data))</span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> (<span class="keyword">typeof</span> data === <span class="string">'number'</span> || <span class="keyword">typeof</span> data === <span class="string">'string'</span> || <span class="keyword">typeof</span> data === <span class="string">'boolean'</span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">window</span>.localStorage.setItem(name, data)</span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> alert(<span class="string">'该类型不能用于本地存储~'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 获取localstorage</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">static</span> getStorage(name) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">let</span> data = <span class="built_in">window</span>.localStorage.getItem(name)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (data) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="built_in">JSON</span>.parse(data)</span><br><span class="line"> } <span class="keyword">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">''</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 删除localstorage</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">static</span> removeStorage(name) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">window</span>.localStorage.removeItem(name)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * 清空localstorage</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">static</span> clearStorage() {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">window</span>.localStorage.clear()</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h2 id="cookie-与-session-的区别"><a href="#cookie-与-session-的区别" class="headerlink" title="cookie 与 session 的区别"></a>cookie 与 session 的区别</h2><ul>
<li><p>Session 是在服务端保存的一个数据结构，用来跟踪用户的状态，这个数据可以保存在集群、数据库、文件中； </p>
</li>
<li><p>Cookie 是客户端保存用户信息的一种机制，用来记录用户的一些信息，也是实现 Session 的一种方式。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="session鉴权流程"><a href="#session鉴权流程" class="headerlink" title="session鉴权流程"></a>session鉴权流程</h3><ul>
<li>用户登录的时候，服务端生成一个会话和一个id标识</li>
<li>会话id在客户端和服务端之间通过cookie进行传输</li>
<li>服务端通过会话id可以获取到会话相关的信息，然后对客户端的请求进行响应；如果找不到有效的会话，那么认为用户是未登陆状态</li>
<li>会话会有过期时间，也可以通过一些操作（比如登出）来主动删除</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="token的典型流程"><a href="#token的典型流程" class="headerlink" title="token的典型流程"></a>token的典型流程</h3><ul>
<li>用户登录的时候，服务端生成一个token返回给客户端</li>
<li>客户端后续的请求都带上这个token</li>
<li>服务端解析token获取用户信息，并响应用户的请求</li>
<li>token会有过期时间，客户端登出的时候也会废弃token，但是服务端不需要任何操作</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="规避localStorage缺点—localforage"><a href="#规避localStorage缺点—localforage" class="headerlink" title="规避localStorage缺点—localforage"></a>规避localStorage缺点—localforage</h2><p>localforage的逻辑是这样的：优先使用IndexedDB存储数据，如果浏览器不支持，使用WebSQL，浏览器再不支持，使用localStorage。</p>
<p>localforage的API名称和localStorage一样，但是，在同步还是异步上却不同，localforage是异步执行的，用法示意如下。
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">localforage.getItem(<span class="string">'key'</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params">err, value</span>) </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 如果err不是null，则出错。否则value就是我们想要的值</span></span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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