[Doc][CI][Python] Doctests failing on rst files due to pandas 3+

[rok]

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

We recently added doctests for docstrings in .rst files by running the following command:

pytest '--doctest-glob=*.rst' /arrow/docs/source/python

This causes CI to fail on sphinx e.g.: AMD64 Conda Python 3.12 Sphinx Documentation, where pandas 3+ is present.
We should also upgrade CI environments so as to only run doctests on pandas 3.

Component(s)

Documentation, Python

[rok]

Issue resolved by pull request 49088
#49088