feat: add math.js file

Author: ExploitEngineer

part1 (Basics)/07_math.js

@@ -1,43 +1,155 @@
-// INFO: Math in JavaScript
+// math.js
 
-// NOTE: Math Object Operators and Methods
+// INFO: Math in JavaScript
 
 /*
+The Math object in JavaScript provides properties and methods for mathematical constants and functions.
+
+---
+
 Math Operators:
 1. Exponentiation: **
-   (Alternative: Math.pow)
+   - Raises a number to the power of another.
+   - Alternative: Math.pow(base, exponent)
+
+---
 
 Math Object Properties:
-- Math.PI  → Returns the value of π
+- Math.PI
+  - The constant π (3.141592653589793), useful in geometry.
+
+---
 
 Math Object Methods:
-- Math.sqrt(x)      → Square root of x
-- Math.floor(x)     → Rounds down to nearest integer
-- Math.ceil(x)      → Rounds up to nearest integer
-- Math.round(x)     → Rounds to nearest integer
-- Math.random()     → Returns a random number between 0 and 1
+
+1. Math.sqrt(x)
+   - Returns the square root of x.
+   - Example: Square root of 16 is 4.
+
+2. Math.floor(x)
+   - Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
+   - Works for positive and negative numbers.
+
+3. Math.ceil(x)
+   - Rounds a number up to the nearest integer.
+   - Works for positive and negative numbers.
+
+4. Math.round(x)
+   - Rounds a number to the nearest integer.
+   - Rounds .5 and above up, below .5 down.
+
+5. Math.random()
+   - Returns a random float between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive).
+
+6. Math.abs(x)
+   - Returns the absolute value of x.
+
+7. Math.min(...values)
+   - Returns the smallest value among the provided numbers.
+
+8. Math.max(...values)
+   - Returns the largest value among the provided numbers.
+
+9. Math.log(x)
+   - Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.
+
+10. Math.exp(x)
+    - Returns e raised to the power of x.
+
+11. Math.trunc(x)
+    - Returns the integer part of a number by removing any fractional digits.
+
 */
 
-// Exponentiation (Preferred way)
-console.log(2 ** 4); // Output: 16
+// --- Exponentiation
+
+console.log(2 ** 4); // 16
+console.log(Math.pow(2, 4)); // 16
+
+// --- Math.PI
+
+console.log(Math.PI); // 3.141592653589793
+// Example: Calculate circumference of a circle with radius 5
+const radius = 5;
+const circumference = 2 * Math.PI * radius;
+console.log(circumference); // ≈ 31.4159
+
+// --- Math.sqrt()
+
+console.log(Math.sqrt(16)); // 4
+console.log(Math.sqrt(2));  // ~1.414
+
+// --- Math.floor()
+
+console.log(Math.floor(2.99));  // 2
+console.log(Math.floor(-2.5));  // -3
+
+// Example: Round down prices to nearest dollar
+let price = 19.99;
+console.log(Math.floor(price)); // 19
+
+// --- Math.ceil()
+
+console.log(Math.ceil(2.1));    // 3
+console.log(Math.ceil(-2.5));   // -2
+
+// Example: Round up for minimum number of tickets to buy
+let ticketsNeeded = 4.2;
+console.log(Math.ceil(ticketsNeeded)); // 5
+
+// --- Math.round()
+
+console.log(Math.round(2.5));  // 3
+console.log(Math.round(2.4));  // 2
+console.log(Math.round(-2.5)); // -2
+
+// Example: Round a score to nearest integer
+let score = 87.6;
+console.log(Math.round(score)); // 88
+
+// --- Math.random()
+
+console.log(Math.random()); // Random float between 0 and 1
+
+// Example: Generate random integer between min and max (inclusive)
+function getRandomInt(min, max) {
+  return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
+}
+console.log(getRandomInt(1, 10)); // Random integer between 1 and 10
+
+// --- Math.abs()
+
+console.log(Math.abs(-7));  // 7
+console.log(Math.abs(7));   // 7
+
+// Example: Calculate distance between two numbers
+function distance(a, b) {
+  return Math.abs(a - b);
+}
+console.log(distance(5, 9));  // 4
+
+// --- Math.min()
+
+console.log(Math.min(3, 7, 1, 9)); // 1
+
+// --- Math.max()
+
+console.log(Math.max(3, 7, 1, 9)); // 9
+
+// --- Math.log()
 
-// Exponentiation (Alternative)
-console.log(Math.pow(2, 4)); // Output: 16
+console.log(Math.log(Math.E));  // 1 (natural logarithm of e)
 
-// Math Property
-console.log(Math.PI); // Output: 3.141592653589793
+// --- Math.exp()
 
-// Math Methods
-console.log(Math.sqrt(16)); // Output: 4
+console.log(Math.exp(1));       // 2.718281828459045 (e^1)
 
-console.log(Math.floor(2.99)); // Output: 2
-console.log(Math.floor(-2.5)); // Output: -3
+// --- Math.trunc()
 
-console.log(Math.ceil(2.1)); // Output: 3
-console.log(Math.ceil(-2.5)); // Output: -2
+console.log(Math.trunc(4.9));   // 4
+console.log(Math.trunc(-4.9));  // -4
 
-console.log(Math.round(2.5)); // Output: 3
-console.log(Math.round(2.4)); // Output: 2
+// Example: Remove decimals from a price
+let cost = 25.99;
+console.log(Math.trunc(cost));  // 25
 
-console.log(Math.random()); // Output: Random value between 0 and 1
-console.log(Math.round(Math.random() * 20)); // Output: Random integer from 0 to 20