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lines changed Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -520,6 +520,9 @@ <h2 id="time-ordering" class="anchor">Time-ordering </h2>
520520$$
521521\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')=
522522\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')
523+ $$
524+
525+ $$
523526+\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt''\int_{t''}^{t} dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'').
524527$$
525528
@@ -563,7 +566,11 @@ <h2 id="final-expression-for-u" class="anchor">Final expression for \( U \) </h
563566< p > With this definition, we can rewrite the expression for \( \hat{U} \) as </ p >
564567$$
565568\hat{U}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
566- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=\hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
569+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=
570+ $$
571+
572+ $$
573+ \hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
567574\int_{t_0}^t dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\right]}.
568575$$
569576
@@ -664,7 +671,11 @@ <h2 id="time-evolution" class="anchor">Time evolution </h2>
664671< p > with </ p >
665672$$
666673\hat{U}_{\varepsilon}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
667- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
674+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N
675+ $$
676+
677+ $$
678+ \times \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
668679$$
669680
670681
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -527,6 +527,11 @@ <h2 id="time-ordering">Time-ordering </h2>
527527$$
528528\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')=
529529\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')
530+ $$
531+ < p > < br >
532+
533+ < p > < br >
534+ $$
530535+\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt''\int_{t''}^{t} dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'').
531536$$
532537< p > < br >
@@ -582,7 +587,13 @@ <h2 id="final-expression-for-u">Final expression for \( U \) </h2>
582587< p > < br >
583588$$
584589\hat{U}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
585- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=\hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
590+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=
591+ $$
592+ < p > < br >
593+
594+ < p > < br >
595+ $$
596+ \hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
586597\int_{t_0}^t dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\right]}.
587598$$
588599< p > < br >
@@ -708,7 +719,13 @@ <h2 id="time-evolution">Time evolution </h2>
708719< p > < br >
709720$$
710721\hat{U}_{\varepsilon}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
711- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
722+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N
723+ $$
724+ < p > < br >
725+
726+ < p > < br >
727+ $$
728+ \times \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
712729$$
713730< p > < br >
714731</ section >
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -445,6 +445,9 @@ <h2 id="time-ordering">Time-ordering </h2>
445445$$
446446\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')=
447447\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')
448+ $$
449+
450+ $$
448451+\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt''\int_{t''}^{t} dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'').
449452$$
450453
@@ -488,7 +491,11 @@ <h2 id="final-expression-for-u">Final expression for \( U \) </h2>
488491< p > With this definition, we can rewrite the expression for \( \hat{U} \) as </ p >
489492$$
490493\hat{U}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
491- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=\hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
494+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=
495+ $$
496+
497+ $$
498+ \hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
492499\int_{t_0}^t dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\right]}.
493500$$
494501
@@ -589,7 +596,11 @@ <h2 id="time-evolution">Time evolution </h2>
589596< p > with </ p >
590597$$
591598\hat{U}_{\varepsilon}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
592- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
599+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N
600+ $$
601+
602+ $$
603+ \times \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
593604$$
594605
595606
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -522,6 +522,9 @@ <h2 id="time-ordering">Time-ordering </h2>
522522$$
523523\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')=
524524\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt'\int_{t_0}^{t'} dt'' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'')
525+ $$
526+
527+ $$
525528+\frac{1}{2}\int_{t_0}^t dt''\int_{t''}^{t} dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\hat{H}_I(t'').
526529$$
527530
@@ -565,7 +568,11 @@ <h2 id="final-expression-for-u">Final expression for \( U \) </h2>
565568< p > With this definition, we can rewrite the expression for \( \hat{U} \) as </ p >
566569$$
567570\hat{U}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
568- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=\hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
571+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]=
572+ $$
573+
574+ $$
575+ \hat{T}\exp{\left[\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}
569576\int_{t_0}^t dt' \hat{H}_I(t')\right]}.
570577$$
571578
@@ -666,7 +673,11 @@ <h2 id="time-evolution">Time evolution </h2>
666673< p > with </ p >
667674$$
668675\hat{U}_{\varepsilon}(t,t_0)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{-\imath}{\hbar}\right)^n\frac{1}{n!}
669- \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
676+ \int_{t_0}^t dt_1\dots \int_{t_0}^t dt_N
677+ $$
678+
679+ $$
680+ \times \exp{(-\varepsilon(t_1+\dots+t_n)/\hbar)}\hat{T}\left[\hat{H}_I(t_1)\dots\hat{H}_I(t_n)\right]
670681$$
671682
672683
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